A morphological study of human pineal gland in post-mortem cases.

The current study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad over a period of 1year. A total of 30 human pineal glands (16-males,11-females,3 excluded for post-mortem autolysis) from those bodies between the age groups of 1-80years were collected during the post-mortem study at the Mortuary of Osmania General Hospital, Koti, Hyderabad and were included in the study. Morphological parameters like weight and transverse diameter at the maximum width of the pineal glands were measured and then the pineal glands were processed for light microscopy. 4-5micron thick sections were cut and stained with H&E and Masson Trichrome for highlighting the connective tissue pattern of the pineal gland. Under light microscope, the capsular delineation, pattern of septation and lobulation, calcification, intracellular brown pigment, intraparenchymal inflammatory cells, fibrosis, gliosis and cystic changes in the pineal glands were observed in relation to age and gender.

Bilateral absence of subclavius muscles with thickened costocoracoid ligaments: a case report with the clinical-anatomical correlation.

Anatomical variation is defined as normal flexibility in the topography and morphology of body structures. Such variations are not uncommon in muscles, particularly in the upper limb. Subclavius muscle (SM) has a proximal attachment to the first costochondral junction and the muscle fibers are then directed upwards and laterally to get attached distally to the subclavian groove of the clavicle. Having similar attachments as the subclavius, the costocoracoid ligament (CCL) is the thickening of the proximal part of clavipectoral fascia extending up to the coracoid process. Both SM and CCL help in the maintenance of smooth movements of the pectoral girdle and both may not always be present. Absent SM may be due to anomalous development from the muscle matrix that also forms the inferior belly of the omohyoid apart from the SMs. This anatomical variation may be associated with thickened CCLs and can be correlated to the smooth functioning of the pectoral girdle.

Bilateral absence of subclavius muscles with thickened costocoracoid ligaments: a case report with the clinical-anatomical correlation / 대한해부학회지

Anatomical variation is defined as normal flexibility in the topography and morphology of body structures. Such variations are not uncommon in muscles, particularly in the upper limb. Subclavius muscle (SM) has a proximal attachment to the first costochondral junction and the muscle fibers are then directed upwards and laterally to get attached distally to the subclavian groove of the clavicle. Having similar attachments as the subclavius, the costocoracoid ligament (CCL) is the thickening of the proximal part of clavipectoral fascia extending up to the coracoid process. Both SM and CCL help in the maintenance of smooth movements of the pectoral girdle and both may not always be present. Absent SM may be due to anomalous development from the muscle matrix that also forms the inferior belly of the omohyoid apart from the SMs. This anatomical variation may be associated with thickened CCLs and can be correlated to the smooth functioning of the pectoral girdle.

Conductive In Situ Reduced Graphene Oxide-Silk Fibroin Bionanocomposites.

This research paper describes the fabrication of bionanocomposites (BNCs) based on silk fibroin (SF) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The recorded UV-visible (UV-vis) spectra of the sample confirm the reduction of GO to rGO in SF by showing a plasmon resonance band within the wavelength range of 261-268 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak at 11.6° corresponding to the GO intensity decreases with increasing reaction time, resulting in rGO in the SF host matrix. The morphological behavior of the SF-rGO BNCs is scrutinized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the images clearly indicate the existence of rGO within the matrix. The increasing amount of GO in the SF shows broken graphene sheets, which can increase the surface roughness and establish a strong physical contact between the SF and rGO nanosheets. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) image of the bionanocomposite showed that the formed rGO encompassments of fewer layers are stacked, each with fewer wrinkles and folding. The Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of rGO by showing the increased intensity ratio of D to G band (I D/I G) in the bionanocomposite samples. The rGO effect on the electrical conductivity is measured, and the results show that DC conductivity increases from 1.28 × 10-9 to 82.4 × 10-9 S/cm with an increase in the GO content in the SF biopolymer. The investigations demonstrate loss of the insulation property and improved conducting behavior of the SF biopolymer.

Neuromuscular variations in the gluteal region - Embryological basis and clinical significance.

ABSTRACT: Piriformis, is a key muscle in the gluteal region. Under its lower border sciatic nerve and inferior gluteal nerves exit. During routine educational dissection of the lower limb, bilateral gluteal regions in fifteen cadavers (30 gluteal regions) focusing on the variations of inferior gluteal nerve and sciatic nerve with respect to piriformis muscle were observed in the department of anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. In one of the left sided specimens, inferior gluteal nerve had an abnormal course, piercing superior belly of piriformis muscle instead of emerging through the lower border of it along with variation of the sciatic nerve. The common peroneal component of the sciatic nerve was coming out between the two anomalous tendinous slips of the piriformis muscle, whereas the tibial component, emerged along lower border of the piriformis muscle bilaterally in the same cadaver. In the remaining cadavers, there were no variations of the inferior gluteal nerve with respect to the piriformis muscle. But in another cadaver, there was a similar variation of the sciatic nerve bilaterally. Inferior gluteal and sciatic nerves, when compressed by muscle belly or tendinous slips of the piriformis muscle, may cause lurching gait and sciatica respectively. Knowledge of the different variations of these peripheral nerves with respect to the piriformis muscle is important to clinicians and surgeons for the accurate diagnosis and intervention.